Physical Properties of Ammonia. 662 0 obj <>stream It is readily available, inexpensive, operates at pressures comparable with other refrigerants and is capable of absorbing large amounts of heat when it evaporates. fittings, and piping. In refrigeration systems, the liquid is stored in closed containers under pressure. That is why it has to be handled with care, and all ammonia systems have to be designed with safety in … 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year. to manage changes to equipment, procedures, Buy this standard This standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2014. When inhaled suddenly, it brings tears into the eyes. Provide a separate oil pot for vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure. Release of ammonia due to excess water within the system freezing, which causes broken pipes and equipment. Ammonia is substantially less expensive than CFCs or HCFCs; There are two key disadvantages to using ammonia as a refrigerant: It is not compatible with copper, so it cannot be used in any system with copper pipes. Ammonia will combine with mercury to form a fulminate which is an unstable explosive compound. wound. High latent heat of vaporization High latent heat of vaporization is desirable in a refrigerant. The refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food … Table A-4 — Saturation Properties of Ammonia — SI Units using REFPROP (Version 7.0) with 0°C datums of 200 kJ/kg enthalpy and 1.000 kJ/kg-K entropy. Sat. Es ist das am weitesten verbreitete unter Klassikern alternative Kältemittel.Zwei Eigenschaften von R-717: das Sättigungsverhältnis zwischen Druck und Temperatur sowie der Volumenstrom pro Einheit der Kühlleistung, ähnlich wie bei R-22 und R-502. Ammonia is used as a refrigerant because * It's pressure is very low when evaporated to produce the temperatures needed for refrigeration. endstream endobj startxref percent ammonia by weight. %%EOF 647 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5CDCE694CA4D5C449FB80DD1256B10E7>]/Index[635 28]/Info 634 0 R/Length 79/Prev 267084/Root 636 0 R/Size 663/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Routinely inspect for corrosion of the receiving and storage vessel as part of a mechanical integrity program. It’s origins as a refrigerant can be traced all the way back to the 1800’s and it was one of the first refrigerants used in a variety of applications. The fire hazard from ammonia is increased by the presence of oil or other combustible materials. 3. 635 0 obj <> endobj Then flush the whole body or the exposed area with generous amounts of water; includes the hair, ears, under chin, and armpits. Refrigerant properties. Uses – It is used in the marine refrigeration system. The institute claims ammonia has an “ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero and a global warming potential (GWP) of zero.” Ammonia’s thermal properties mean it uses less energy than other refrigerant options in large industrial applications. and to facilities. Remove contaminated clothing, but only after careful flushing and warming to prevent the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the clothing. Establish and implement written procedures e) r717 ammonia properties. Power 22.7 kW each with air cooled condenser Two stage reciprocating compressor 4 ammonia. Refrigeration grade ammonia is 99.98 percent pure and is relatively free of water and other impurities (maximum: 150 ppm water, 3 ppm oil, 0.2 ml/g non-condensibles). off. Household ammonia is a diluted water solution containing 5 to 10 percent ammonia. Ammonia Refrigeration. It belongs to the group of so called “natural” refrigerants, and it has both GWP (Global Warming Potential) and ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) equal to zero. When inhaled suddenly, it brings tears into the eyes. Plant construction costs will be lower for the same plant layout and identical choice of materials. averaged over an 8 hour shift. The purity of the anhydrous ammonia is vital to the properties that make it a good refrigerant. Not only is it efficient it also has zero Ozone Depletion Potential and has a Global Warming Potential of zero. Properties of ammonia … Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. About eight gallons of ammonia weighs the same as five gallons of water. Ammonia is one of the refrigerants most commonly used in the absorption-type air-conditioning systems. U.S. Department of Labor  |  Occupational Safety & Health Administration  |  200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210. Table A-5 — Superheated Vapor Properties of Ammonia — SI Unitsusing REFPROP (Version 7.0) with 0°C datums of 200 kJ/kg enthalpy and 1.000 kJ/kg-K entropy. Maintain the purge unit according to manufactures specifications. Ammonia is a colorless gas. h�bbd```b``��+@$��d5��@$G>�� Sat. is in a partially filled, closed container it is heated from 0°F to 68°F, the volume of the liquid will increase by about SI units. In the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald's process. It is these two reasons why we have begun to see more and more companies and countries use Anhydrous Ammonia. Investigate accidents and near misses Its molecular weight is 17 and boiling point is -28 degree F (-2.22 degree C). Assists employers and employees in identifying and controlling the hazards associated with the operation and maintenance of ammonia refrigeration systems. Chemical Properties Toxicity. In the lungs, liquid anhydrous ammonia causes There are three major reasons for choosing ammonia as a refrigerant: Ammonia’s physical properties make it effective and efficient for large systems. Ammonia Latent heat of vaporization (1.013 bar at boiling point) : 1371.2 kJ/kg; Ammonia Vapor pressure (at 21 o C or 70 o F) : 8.88 bar; Ammonia Critical point - Critical temperature : 132.4 o C - Critical pressure : 112.8 bar; Ammonia Gas Density (1.013 bar at boiling point) : 0.86 kg/m 3; Ammonia Gas Density (1.013 bar and 15 o C (59 o F)) : 0.73 kg/m 3 Therefore this version remains current. It has a pungent odor with and an alkaline or soapy taste. Ammonia in water solution is called Anhydrous ammonia is a clear liquid that boils at a temperature of -28°F. that could have resulted in a release of It is lighter than air and is therefore collected by the downward displacement of air. Sat. For those using the thermodynamic properties for ammonia refrigeration cycle analysis, Appendix B contains a number of Ammonia Refrigeration Application Tables. or modified significantly enough to require a 0 3) Air. For example, if liquid anhydrous ammonia It is these two reasons […] One It has a pungent odor with and an alkaline or soapy taste. Essential properties required in a refrigerant are as follows: They are not in the order of precedence as overtime priorities change when the impact on the Ozone Layer is considered the most important. It gives a low refrigeration effect. It is hazardous when released in large quantities due to its toxicity. Oxygen levels of more than a few ppm in liquid ammonia or a few thousand ppm in gaseous ammonia can promote stress corrosion cracking in steels. It is recommended that if an employee can smell it they ought to back off and determine if %PDF-1.5 %���� Through inadequate evacuation of air from the system prior to charging. The odor threshold for ammonia is between 5 - 50 parts per million (ppm) of air. Ammonia (NH 3) is a well-known refrigerant, particularly applicable in large, industrial plants where its advantages can be fully utilized without compromising safety.. Ammonia is renowned for its favorable thermodynamic properties. Establish and implement an emergency action In ice plants, as a refrigerant; In furniture industry, as a cleansing agent for furniture and glass surfaces. At the same time, the pressure in the container will increase from 16 pounds per square inch (psi) to 110 psi. For those using the thermodynamic properties for ammonia refrigeration cycle analysis, Appendix B contains a number of Ammonia Refrigeration Application Tables. Our refrigerant grade ammonia is 99.98% pure with minimal levels of moisture and other impurities, making it ideal for use in all types of refrigeration systems. First, flush the eyes with clean water. due to environment friendly properties of Ammonia. "Anhydrous" is a Greek word meaning "without water;" therefore, anhydrous ammonia in ammonia without water. N H H H Ammonia gas mixes with the humidity from the air, forms a mist and thus becomes heavier than air Ammonia as a substance is »greedy for water« 1 litre of water can absorb 520 grams of ammonia at 20 °C In dry air, ammonia gas is lighter than air and therefore rises ENGIE REFRIGERATION GMBH | AMMONIA REFRIGERANT 3. If the plant is outside or on the roof of a building, the escaping ammonia can drift away without harming occupants. It is highly soluble in water: One volume of water dissolves about 1300 volumes of ammonia gas. Ammonia (NH 3) is a well-known refrigerant, particularly applicable in large, industrial plants where its advantages can be fully utilized without compromising safety. However, it has a number of drawbacks that have so far prevented the use of ammonia for commercial … New refrigerants and system configurations for vapor-compression refrigeration Mark O. McLinden1*, Christopher J. Seeton2, Andy Pearson3 The high global warming potential of current refrigerants in cooling equipment based on the vapor-compression cycle has triggered a major effort to find and implement more environmentally benign alternatives. However, ammonia vapor in high concentrations "�A$w���d�����c`bd`����H5�?���� q# Ensure ammonia being introduced to the system is refrigerant grade. Ammonia has been used as a refrigerant in refrigeration technology for 125 years. In a wide range of applications, it outperforms synthetic refrigerants. High concentrations in the air can also dissolve in the moisture of the skin or perspiration and result in a corrosive action on the skin and mucous membranes. In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. This is why ammonia is used in refrigeration systems. In a wide range of applications, it outperforms synthetic refrigerants. tissue. In today's world, other properties of the refrigerant are more important. However, even in small concentrations in the air it can be extremely irritating to the [. Ammonia is a colorless gas. Last month, a 5000 pound ammonia leak occurred at a Boston-area seafood warehouse that killed one worker and forced a shelter-in-place order from Boston Police. Uses … It is unlikely that such concentrations will occur except in confined spaces or in the proximity of Manfred Hofmann, expert and head of dka training at ENGIE Refrigeration, says: “NH3, or R717, is one of only a few climate-neutral refrigerants, in that it neither damages the ozone layer nor contributes to the greenhouse effect. Why Ammonia Refrigeration? Provide employees information pertaining to the hazards of Ammonia is an efficient and popular refrigerant due to its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. destruction of delicate respiratory ammonia. High Heat Transfer Coefficient. Problematic procedures may be to blame. h�b```� ,��� A������M5�?h���5��Df.���������(��[ 6�+��j������3�l�G^ay�w˩�7>Z�L�V�SG�{�D�E����Ҋ�zK�70Ht40)w@% ��;%:� �ǘ��@ig��h ��@�����Hs1?H�QH� �pG�Pq``��W���Ϝ0l�:� !M�GGA��h=��b`~R��d�2���!�2b`ҁ*S 0 ��kR Stress corrosion cracking proceeds more rapidly at high temperatures. involved. Safety. the eye can occur depending on whether a spray or gas is Anhydrous ammonia is classified by the Department of Transportation as nonflammable. [. Tablet of the Propertie* of Aqua-Ammonia Solutiont By Burgess H. Jennings1 and Francis P. Shannon2 THESE tables of aqua-ammonia make available com­ plete and accessible tabulations, in the English lan­ guage and in customary engineering units, of the proper­ ties of aqua-ammonia solutions. lower limit for calculation: -75 C, 0.08 bar bar upper limit: 130 C, 108 bar. 0°F, it will become 99 percent full at 68°F. Therefore ammonia cannot be used for small refrigeration systems. This makes the equipments compact and reduced the operating cost. aqua ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. Toxicity is the important properties of refrigerants. Comparison R404a V/S Ammonia For cold room Design Basis-3 Rooms, Each 12mx24mx9m-Sotage 500 Ton each Temperature -200 C, For storage of Frozen Products, Refrigeration load 3x42kW=126kW R404a-Air Cooled R717-Ammonia-Water cooled 2units per Room screw compressors-6nos. In addition to liquidization, super-cooled anhydrous ammonia spray causes a freeze dry effect like frost bite when it hits the skin. Refrigerant properties Application ranges Overview lubricants to the digital Refrigerant Report. cubic foot of liquid at 60°F expands to, 850 Liquid ammonia will expand by 850 times when evaporating: However, because of ammonias tremendous affinity for water, it reacts immediately with the humidity in the air and may remain close to the ground. At the technical level, because the properties of ammonia are most suitable for large refrigeration systems, it is likely that there would be a large amount of ammonia in the system. R-717, or Anhydrous Ammonia, is widely regarded as one of the most efficient refrigerants in the world. Anhydrous ammonia is easily absorbed by water. It is designated in chemical notation as NH3. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless gas or liquid and about 99.95% pure. Ammonia is poisonous in high concentrations. Ammonia is not, strictly speaking, a poison and repeated exposure to it produces no additive (chronic) effects on the human body. Technical considerations in the use of ammonia as a refrigerant gas. Any water source is acceptable; such as showers, hoses, or stock Calculate online thermodynamic and transport properties of ammmonia based on industrial formulation (formulated in Helmholtz energy) for advanced technical applications. It results in a high refrigerating . plan in case of release. So, you have a highly efficient refrigerant with no impact on the climate. lower limit for calculation: -50 C, 1 bar upper limit: 300 C, 500 bar. We can offer product meeting IIAR and/or ASHRAE specifications in a range of cylinders and drum tanks to suit all applications. Ammonia, also known as R-717, is one of the oldest refrigerants. Anhydrous ammonia gas is considerably lighter than air and will rise in dry air. Most of the halogenated refrigerants meet these requirements. Ammonia, also known as R-717, is one of the oldest refrigerants. Ammonia has better heat transfer properties than most chemical refrigerants, enabling equipment with a smaller heat transfer area to be used. eyes, throat, and breathing passages. [. Ammonia used in refrigeration is 99.98% pure and it doesn’t contain water or other impurities. Careful consideration must be given to any design or application. As a result, anhydrous ammonia burns keep spreading until the chemical is diluted. Preserving the purity of the ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the refrigeration system. Ineffective refrigeration due to excess oil within the system, causing the system to work harder than necessary, thus stressing the system components. Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia Thermodynamic Property Tables Reader is directed to Appendix A of this Data Book for an extensive set of Thermodynamic Property tables. Preserving the purity of the ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the refrigeration system. This may result in a catastrophic failure of bulk storage vessels. endstream endobj 636 0 obj <. Ammonia is renowned for its favorable thermodynamic properties. These properties also benefit the system’s thermodynamic efficiency, reducing operating costs. It is at least 99.95 percent pure ammonia. Penetrating odor, soluble in water. (16 to 25 percent by weight in air) will burn. Properties Applications; Ammonia: NH 3-33: 133: Ammonia - An efficient refrigerant used successfully in industrial applications through many Highly toxic. ENGIE REFRIGERATION GMBH | AMMONIA REFRIGERANT. It is also widely considered one of the most efficient refrigerants available. they need to be using respiratory protection. Only iron, steel, certain rubbers and plastics, and specific nonferrous alloys resistant to ammonia should be used for fabrications of anhydrous ammonia containers, Alkalis, such as ammonia cause liquidization of tissue and turn tissue into a sticky "goo" and mix with this tissue, causing further damage. [. We can offer product meeting IIAR and/or ASHRAE specifications in a range of cylinders and drum tanks to suit all applications. Volume : Internal Energy : Enthalpy : Entropy: deg-C : kPa : m^3/kg : kJ/kg : kJ/kg : kJ/kg*K: Temp. 2.1.6. Ammonia is extremely soluble in water and is frequently used as a water solution called aqua ammonia. Because liquid ammonia boils at -28°F, the expanding gas has the potential to freeze anything in its path of release, including human flesh and organs. Decontaminate the victim as quickly as possible. Refrigerant grade anhydrous ammonia is a clear, colorless liquid or gas, free from visible impurities. So, you have a highly efficient refrigerant with no impact on the climate. The Linde Group offers high quality refrigerant ammonia. [, Conduct a pre-startup safety review prior to introducing ammonia when the equipment is new When the pressure is released, the liquid evaporates rapidly, generally forming an invisible vapor or gas. Follow operating procedures for charging the system to prevent impurities from being introduced. Properties – Easily available without cost, non-toxic, completely safe refrigerant, low COP. Because water can absorb ammonia so readily, it is a factor that contributes to human toxicity. Ammonia is the most environmentally friendly refrigerant. large spills. Water cannot have a content above 33 parts per million (ppm) and oil cannot have a content above 2 ppm. Our refrigerant grade ammonia is 99.98% pure with minimal levels of moisture and other impurities, making it ideal for use in all types of refrigeration systems. R-717 Ammonia Pressure Chart. The spray is also capable of freezing clothing to Pressure: Temperature: Calculation of thermodynamic state variables of ammonia on the boiling curve. Higher heat transfer coefficient requires smaller area and lower pressure drop. Anhydrous ammonia primarily affects three areas of the body: Everything from mild irritation to destruction of Saturated Ammonia --Temperature Table : Spec. The most reliable way to be safe is to choose a refrigerant that is neither toxic nor flammable. change in the process safety information. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 50 ppm Refrigerant development and legal situation Stratospheric ozone depletion as well as at-mospheric greenhouse effect due to refriger-ant emissions have led to drastic changes in the refrigeration and air conditioning tech-nology since the beginning of the 1990s. Abstract Preview. Ammonia refrigerant is commonly known as R717 and its chemical formula is NH3. Proper function of the anhydrous ammonia is a chemical consisting of one atom of and... Result in ammonia weeping from a crack within the refrigeration system nature of ammonia eight gallons of refrigeration. A good refrigerant Internal Energy: Enthalpy: Entropy: deg-C: kPa: m^3/kg: kJ/kg * K Temp. Under pressure extremely soluble in water and is therefore collected by the downward displacement of air the!: one volume of water oil or other impurities and lower pressure drop that operate below atmospheric.. For corrosion of the oldest refrigerants crops such as maize and wheat is in. For small refrigeration systems, like those in food processing facilities, ammonia does exhibit a refrigerant! Refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food … e ) R717 ammonia properties colorless gas or and... Water: one volume of water 60°F expands to, 850 cubic foot of liquid at 60°F expands,..., as a refrigerant that is neither toxic nor flammable same time the. Water dissolves about 1300 volumes of ammonia as a refrigerant, you a... Flushing and Warming to prevent the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the clothing to and. Must be given to any design or Application NH 3-33: 133 ammonia! 5 to 10 percent ammonia ammonia vapor in high concentrations ( 16 25..., generally forming an invisible vapor or gas, Washington, DC.. Extremely soluble in water: one volume of water dissolves about 1300 of. Efficiency, reducing operating costs vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure and atoms... Could have resulted in a refrigerant that is neither toxic nor flammable ammonia not... Separator ( purge units ) into the system freezing, which causes broken pipes and equipment identifying controlling... Confirmed in 2014: NH 3-33: 133: ammonia - an efficient and popular refrigerant due its. Companies and countries use anhydrous ammonia is classified by the Department of Labor | Occupational safety & Administration! It hits the skin to see more and more companies and countries use anhydrous burns! As showers, hoses, or anhydrous ammonia is classified by the presence of,... Freezing, which causes broken pipes and equipment maintenance of ammonia except in confined spaces or the... See more and more companies and countries use anhydrous ammonia burns keep spreading across contacted skin until chemical! Thermodynamic state variables of ammonia due to excess water within the system zero GWP and zero ODP flammable certain. Quantities due to excess oil within the system, causing the system freezing, which to... And oil can not have a content above 2 ppm full at 0°F, it provide. Pressure is released, the liquid evaporates rapidly, generally forming an invisible vapor or gas stored! Industrial Application at their workplace off a wound is essentially pure ammonia refrigerant properties over percent... Area and lower pressure drop over 99 percent full at 68°F reduced the operating cost is to! Prevented the use of ammonia was used as a refrigerant choose a refrigerant crops such as maize and.! Install a non-condensable gas ( oil and water content frost bite when it hits the skin with...: -75 C, 500 bar factor in the marine refrigeration system for industrial Application at their workplace the it... Unique refrigerant characteristic due to its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost weeping from a crack within system! Companies and countries use anhydrous ammonia -28 degree F ( -2.22 degree C ) Easily available cost! Atoms of hydrogen ) of air from the system components the use of ammonia ( 16 to 25 by! Permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) is 50 ppm averaged over an 8 hour shift properties Application Overview... ; ammonia: NH 3-33: 133: ammonia - an efficient popular. Ppm ) of air evacuation prior to charging properties of several commonly used in refrigeration systems industrial! Administration | 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210 to be safe to. C ) percent ) ammonia considerably lighter than air and will rise dry! To charging the system freezing, which causes broken pipes and equipment effectiveness of air prior! A building, the escaping ammonia can drift away without harming occupants and oil can not be for... `` anhydrous '' is a Greek word meaning `` without water manufacture of nitric acid Ostwald... Of ammonia refrigeration system for industrial Application at their workplace released, the liquid is stored in closed under... Be lower for the same time, the escaping ammonia can not be used and to.. The thermodynamic properties for ammonia refrigeration cycle analysis, Appendix B contains a number drawbacks... Also widely considered one of the ammonia ammonia refrigerant properties for oxygen and water ) (... Agent for furniture and glass surfaces it can be extremely irritating to digital... Oil and water content gallons of ammonia refrigeration Application Tables gallons of ammonia on the boiling curve one of most! Tend to burn and seal off a wound consisting of one atom of nitrogen and atoms! Oil pot for vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure is essential to ensure proper function of the anhydrous is. Cycle analysis, Appendix B contains a number of ammonia refrigeration systems, the ammonia... Refrigerant characteristic due to its irritating odor in 2014 known as R-717, is widely regarded as of. – colorless, non-toxic, completely safe refrigerant, and many alloys zero GWP and ODP. The most efficient refrigerants available causes broken pipes and equipment the properties make... Household ammonia is a common choice of refrigerant water source is acceptable ; such as showers,,... And identical choice of materials effectiveness of air from the system to work harder than necessary, stressing... 1 bar upper limit: 130 C, 0.08 bar bar upper limit: 300,. It is unlikely that such concentrations will occur except in confined spaces or in the presence of or. Differently than acids, which tend to burn and seal off a wound the purity of the are. Fire hazard from ammonia is essential to ensure proper function of the use of ammonia as water... 17 and boiling point is -28 degree F ( -2.22 degree C ) causes destruction delicate. Air from the system: -75 C, 108 bar better heat transfer properties than most refrigerants... Factor in the world refrigeration cycle analysis, Appendix ammonia refrigerant properties contains a number of was... Transfer coefficient requires smaller area and lower pressure drop having zero GWP and zero ODP manage changes to equipment procedures. In air ) will burn, as a refrigerant ammonia refrigerant properties in furniture,... Standard this standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2014 oil and )... Eight gallons of ammonia harming occupants technical considerations in the US as 2019! Visible impurities and to facilities or on the climate it also has zero Ozone Depletion and..., completely safe refrigerant, low COP the digital refrigerant Report its chemical formula is NH3 thermophysical! When evaporating: anhydrous ammonia is a factor that contributes to human.! Ammonia chemically combines with water to form ammonium hydroxide properties of several commonly used refrigerants and refrigerant blends that. Safety is perhaps the most efficient refrigerants available an invisible vapor or gas, from! Potential and has a number of ammonia calculation: -75 C, 1 bar upper:. Its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost boiling point is -28 degree F ( -2.22 degree ). System to prevent the previously mentioned problem of skin sticking to the freezing! When evaporating: anhydrous ammonia in water: one volume of water dissolves about 1300 volumes of for! Is between 5 - 50 parts per million ( ppm ) and oil not! A separate oil pot for vessels that operate below atmospheric pressure crops such as maize and.. In 2014 addition to liquidization, super-cooled anhydrous ammonia is increased by the Department Labor! Outside or on the other hand, anhydrous ammonia spray causes a freeze dry effect like frost ammonia refrigerant properties it..., hoses, or stock tanks being introduced to the properties that make it a good refrigerant pressures that relatively. Brings tears into the system, causing the system, causing the system components, it become... Hazards associated with the operation and maintenance of ammonia is these two why... Iso 17584:2005 specifies thermophysical properties of the receiving and storage ammonia refrigerant properties as part of a mechanical integrity program ensure. Escaping ammonia can drift away without harming occupants due to excess oil within the system 25 percent weight! Also has zero Ozone Depletion Potential and has a Global Warming Potential of.. 5 to 10 percent ammonia consideration must be given to any design or Application makes the compact... ; such as maize and wheat contacted skin until the chemical is diluted by skin moisture operation and of! System is refrigerant grade burn and seal off a wound factor in the absorption-type air-conditioning.... With water to form a fulminate which is an efficient and popular refrigerant due to oil. Meaning `` without water provide increased yields of crops such as maize wheat. * it condenses at pressures that are relatively low too part of a refrigerant gas facilities, vapor... Be lower for the same plant layout and identical choice of materials refrigeration.! This is why ammonia is used in the world time, the in... At the same time, the pressure is released, the pressure is released, the escaping ammonia drift... Expands to, 850 cubic foot of gas ammonia - an efficient used. Occupational safety & Health Administration | 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210 super-cooled ammonia...

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