Canal Head Works – Its Function, Components, Site Selection. The water is delivered to the field … Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land, in accordance with the „crop requirements‟ throughout the „crop period‟ for full-fledged nourishment of the crops. In natural sub irrigation, water is supplied to the root zone of the plants by controlling the level of local water table, such a high level of water table in the area may be available due to water seeping from earthen canals, drains, rivers, etc. Methods of Irrigation Dr. M. R. Kabir Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka . In order to ensure the requisite supply of water to the root zone, its is essential to maintain the desired water level by artificial means. Sprinkler irrigation method. Surface method is adopted in more than 99% of irrigated area in India. Sub-surface III. This irrigation is suitable for dry and windy areas as it limits the loss of water through evaporation. This method of irrigation consists in turning the water onto natural slopes without much control or prior preparation. Water may be diverted by an opening in the bank of the supply ditch, but many farmers now use small siphons made out of 4 ft. lengths of plastic or aluminum tubing about 2 inches in diameter. The commonly used irrigation methods are surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. 1. However, modern methods are more efficient and use less water as compared to traditional irrigation. There are mainly three methods- surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. In this system, the cost of land preparations and permanent water delivery system of channels or conduits is less. Please, don’t forget to share it. Sometimes the upward capiliary water flow from shallow water table may produce saline and alkali conditions and may make the land less productive. In this farm-water application method, water is applied to the soil in the form of a spray through a network of pipes and pumps. Furrow irrigation is adapted to lands of irregular topography. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. This method of irrigation is widely used for row crops, and small furrows, called corrugations, have been used for forage crops such as alfalfa. Its time to meet the last member, sprinkler irrigation. Water may be applied to the crops by through three basic methods of irrigation. LECTURE 2 . In recent years, high labor costs for surface irrigation have increased the attractiveness of sprinkler irrigation. Checking pumping plant efficiency; and 4. If flow is too slow, excessive percolation will occur near the ditch, and too little water will reach the lower end of the field. Each method has its own merits and demerits, depending on the soil, topography, type of crops, climate, water availability and quality, and investment, which are the guiding factors for selecting an adequate irrigation method. The impact she could make in people's lives acted as the fuel and the journey still continues in high spirits. Let me give you more details on that. Drip irrigation systems take some planning to install, but conserve water by putting it only where it needs to be and applying it at a rate slow enough that none is lost to runoff or evaporation. Let’s dive into through each of them now. Methods of Irrigation- Surface, Surge, Subsurface, Sprinkler, Raingun Sprinkler There are three principle methods of irrigation viz. Learn how your comment data is processed. By collecting this information, farmers can make informed decisions about scheduling, the appropriate amount of water for a particular crop, and any system upgrades that may be needed. Surface irrigation: consists of a broad class of irrigation methods in which water is distributed over the soil surface by gravity flow. Sprinkler irrigation offers a means of irrigating areas which are so irregular that they prevent use of any surface-irrigation methods. For this purpose, water is supplied to a series of ditches half to one metre deep and 25 to 50cm wide having vertical sides. Various irrigation methods have been developed over time to meet the irrigation needs of certain crops in specific areas. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. These systems are designed to be moved from around the farm from field to field. Water flows at a slow rate and seeps into the ground to maintain the water table at a height such that water from the capiliary fringe is available to the vrops. irrigation methods to the selection parameters (crop density, type of sowing or planting, susceptibility of the crop to disease, slope of the field, infiltration rate of the soil, water quality, and skill of the available labour), cost, and financial feasibility criteria. A pump usually lifts the water from the source, pushes it through the distribution system and through the sprinkler nozzle on the sprinkler heads mounted on rising pipes attached to the laterals. It is also advantageous in heavy soils where infiltration would be inadequate in the time required for the flow to cross the field. Before selecting a particular method, the irrigation engineer must evaluate all the factors, and choose that method which is best suited to the local conditions. At the same time, it should afford a heavy uniform application of 15 to 20 cm water depth. Sprinkler system can be classified under 3 heads. The strips are separated by low levees, or borders. In India, sprinkler, pot and drip irrigation methods are rapidly being used to save resources while also ensuring a steady supply of water to arable land. Gravity irrigation … Sprinkler irrigation method: In sprinkler irrigation method water is applied over the field under pressure in the form of a spray. Surface Method: This method is very simple and cost effective if followed according to soil characteristics. Furrows vary from 3 to 12 inches deep and may be as much as 1500 ft. long. Sprinkling may be accomplished with fixed perforated pipe, rotating sprinkler heads, or fixed sprinkler heads. The pipe are buried 0.3 to 0.4m deep, so that cultivation operations are not hindered, an are spaced  0.4 to 0.5m horizontally, for uniform distribution of water. Tillage methods are a significant factor in subsurface irrigation as some cultivation practices can destroy the irrigation system. Sprinkler systems mimic the phenomenon of rain. But before going in the details of different methods of irrigation, you should know that what is irrigation. Traditional methods of irrigation are the oldest method used in the earlier years., which are more affordable, efficient than the modern methods. Surface irrigation is mainly of three types. Gravity irrigation methods are less expensive, but requires more skill and experience to achieve re-scannable efficiency. The required conditions are a permeable soil in the root zone, underlain by an impermeable horizon or a high water table. You’ll learn all the above mentioned irrigation methods in details here. What are we waiting for? However, there is large initaial investment in the purchace of the pumping and sprinkling equipment. Followings are the types of irrigation methods-Surface Irrigation; Localized Irrigation; Drip Irrigation; Sprinkler Irrigation; Center Pivot Irrigation; Lateral Move Irrigation; Sub-Irrigation; Manual Irrigation; A brief description of these irrigation types is given below. What do you mean by micro-irrigation? Also the border, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are discussed, but in less detail. Some of the irrigation practices grouped under this name involve a large degree of management. The land cannot be prepared for surface methods, Soil is excessively permeable or impermeable, Depth of soil is hallow over gravel or sand. Was that helpful to the knowledge seeker in you? Also the border, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are discussed, but in less detail. The favourable conditions for the sub surfacr irrigation practice are. When water is allowed to flow under high pressure with the help of a pump, it gets sprinkled on the crops. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Thanks for reading this article ( Methods of irrigation ). Earlier, stationary overhead perforated pipe installations were used. Border is again classified in to two as straight and contour. Traditional Irrigation Methods. This method also requires that the land to be irrigated should have a flatter slope, other wise the cost of land leveling and preparation at times be come very high. Its Types, Parts Used in Construction. It should be suitable for use with economical conveyance structure. have utilized this form of irrigation to grow their crops. Methods. An important advantage of the furrow method is that only 0.2 to 0.5 as much surface area is wetted during irrigation as compared with flooding methods of irrigation. Some of these methods of irrigation are still followed today. One chapter is devoted to the choice of an appropriate irrigation method. It classified by 2 different methods: Traditional Methods: In this method, irrigation is done manually. It should be such that mechanized farming is facilitated, Impervious sub soil at reasonable depth (2 to 3m) or existence of high water table, Permeable soil such as loam or sandy loam in the root zone of the soil. To select an irrigation method, either as a new practice or be introduced under already existing conditions, a series of technical and economic aspects should be considered.The selection is commonly influenced by water availability, soil type, topography, climate, crop or orchard type, labor availability and type, energy, and the relative cost of each resource. The depth of ditches may vary from 0.3 to 0.5m These channels have relatively flat slopes. Check basins may be of rectangular, contour or ring, whereas furrow irrigation is classified as deep furrow and corrugated furrows. These siphons are easily primed by immersion in the ditch and provide a uniform flow to the furrow without the necessity of damaging the ditch bank. These ditches are spaced from 15 to 100m apart depending upon the. Read this article to learn about the important methods of irrigation, i.e., (1) Surface Irrigation (2) Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation (3) Drip or Trickle Irrigation. These include – Surface irrigation, sprinkler, drip and subsurface. Concept of Green Building- 4 comprehensive concepts easy read! Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by himself or using cattle and carries it to farming fields. ( Log Out /  In this method, water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the soil surface in a uniform pattern at a rate less than the infiltration rate of the soil. A. The development of lightweight pipe with quick couplers resulted in a rapid increase in sprinkler irrigation after World War II. Flooding from field ditches is often adaptable to lands with topography too irregular for other flooding methods. ( Log Out /  View all posts by Anaswara. Although they are cheaper than modern methods, they are not as efficient. Soil Nailing – Installation,advantages and applications, Electric Vehicles- 5 Types & Advantages Full Guide. Also, we have published details of some of these irrigation methods. The border method of flooding requires that the land be divided into strips 30 to 60 ft. wide and 300 to more than 1000 ft. long. Surface II. Ecological footprint- Methodology, Impact and Examples Complete Guide, Pervious Concrete- All Factors Affecting, Limitations and Methodology Explained, Augmented Reality in Construction- Top 7 Applications Full Details, Reactive Powder Concrete- 6 Components and All Properties Explained, Pond Ash- Applications and Benefits in Construction Full Guide. However, even today some small farms in rural areas adopt these. The four methods of irrigation are: Surface; Sprinkler; Drip/trickle; Subsurface; Surface irrigation consists of a broad class of irrigation methods in which water is distributed over the soil surface by gravity flow. Spacing of furrows is determined by the proper spacing of the plants. Numerous subclasses exist within each of these basic methods. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. In all the surface methods, Surface irrigation Uncontrolled flooding, Border strip,Check,Basin,Furrow method. Subsurface irrigation is again divided into natural sub-irrigation and artificial sub-irrigation. Formwork (Shuttering) for Concrete [Its Types, Design]. Moat. It is relatively inexpensive because it requires minimum of preparation. This method can vary in different regions. Next, let’s know more details about these methods of irrigation shown in the diagram. MSE Retaining Walls – Components & advantages. In surface (furrow, flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of an agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation is a method of irrigation where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface due to gravity. The ways of irrigation have undergone major changes over the past few decades. If all these favourable conditions are fulfilled and if proper precautions are taken to prevent alkali accumulation or excess water logging, the method results in exonomical use of water, high crop yield and low labour cost in preparing the irrigation plots. Watch the video below for a more in depth view that what is irrigation? The artificial sub irrigation method consists of supplying water diretly to the root zone of crops through a network of buried perforated pipes. It is the most commonly used irrigation methods and is well suited to mild slopes as well as regular slopes. Scheduling irrigation. Throw brickbats or bouquets and of course, your writing requirements to anaswara.r.s.cet@gmail.com The yield also improves. Sub irrigation has been employed in the Egin Bench project, Idaho; in Cache Valley, Utah; in San Luis Valley, Colorado; and in the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers in California. We’ll be taking a closer look at two main types of irrigation: Traditional irrigation method; Modern irrigation method; Traditional irrigation method Flood irrigation method. This method is suitable only for those soils formations which have high horizontal permeability to permit free lateral movement though the root zone of the crops and low vertical permeability so that deep percolation losses are minimised. This irrigation system is farther classified into three other types of modern methods of irrigation. The sprinkler method is one of the most efficient irrigation methods to irrigate the uneven land for agriculture. of irrigation, water is either ponded on the soil or allowed to flow continuously over the soil surface for the duration of irrigation. It is impossible to get completely uniform distribution of water around a sprinkler head, and spacing of the heads must be planned to overlap spray areas so that distribution is essentially uniform. Many different irrigation methods are used worldwide, including The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. These irrigation systems were used in earlier years. A portable system has both portable mains lines and laterals. Irrigation is the controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall. It should allow the use of large concentrated water flows for reduction of conveyance losses, and labour cost. Also read: Concept of Green Building- 4 comprehensive concepts easy read! Now, come with me to shake hands with subsurface irrigation. Preparation of land for border strip irrigation is more expensive than for ordinary flooding, but this may be offset by a decrease in water waste because of the improved control. Check flooding is accomplished by turning water into relatively level plots, or checks, surrounded by levees. Usually round basins are made for small trees and square basin for large trees. The sub surface irrigation method consists of  supplying water firectly to the root zone of the crop. Methods of irrigation is an important portion in hydraulics. Surface irrigation is also known as flood irrigation, which means that water distribution is uncontrolled. Crop irrigation is vital throughout the world in order to provide the world's ever-growing populations with enough food. The conventional methods were less efficient and effective. surface, sub surface and aerial, overhead or sprinkler irrigation. Because of low water use, soil salinity problems are reduced. Sprinkler irrigation applies water to soil by sprinkling or spraying water droplets from fixed or moving systems. In the Drip irrigation system, water supplies to plant roots through a collection of plastic pipes, lateral tubes, and valves. Water is turned into each strip through a head gate along one of the narrow sides and flows downhill the length of the strip. The sprinkler irrigation method consists of applying the water in the form of a spray, somewhat as in ordinary rain, as is done in the garden lawn sprinkling. In the permanent system, pipes are permanently buried in such a way that they do not interfere with tillage operations. This method of irrigation is adopted mainly in orchards. Subsurface irrigation may be of two classes, Also read: LEED certification India- a comprehensive guide. Portable pipes or large hoses are often used in place or ditches for conveying water to the basins. Controlled flooding may be accomplished from held ditches or by use of borders, checks, or basins. Trickle irrigation is that method of irrigation in which water (and nutrients) are continuously applied at the base of each plant through small plastic tubes; virtually eliminates all evaporation from soil, deep percolation, and runoff, and leads to very high efficiency in the use of water. There are mainly three methods- surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Surface Irrigation: In this method water flows and spreads over the surface of the land. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Methods of Irrigation- 3 Methods Full Guide. Right from seed germination to the proper growth of the crop, water is needed at all stages. In sprinkler systems, the pipes carry water to central locations on the farm. Very low delivery rates may also result in fairly high evaporation from the spray and the wetted vegetation. Various irrigation methods have been developed over time to meet the irrigation needs of certain crops in specific areas. Wild flooding is used mainly for pastures and fields of native hay on steep slopes where abundant water is available and crop values do not warrant more expensive preparations. Irrigation is the base of agriculture and farmers use different methods of watering. Modern methods of irrigation. Two methods of irrigation which help in conservation of water are: †’ Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on uneven land, having fewer water supplies. Some of these systems are, 1. The greatest advantage of sprinkler irrigation is its adaptabilities to use under conditions where surface irrigatin methods are not efficient. These are as follows – Furrow – in case of furrow irrigation, water is made to flow through shallow channels which are evenly spaced out and at a slope to the field. Methods of Irrigation. The method is more useful where. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying water to the land in a manner that mimics natural rainfall. The irrigation method generally adopted by the farmers in India is discussed below: 1. Irrigation methods is the fifth in a series of training manuals on irrigation. Sub irrigation results in a minimum of evaporation loss and surface waste and requires little field preparation and labor. Next member is artificial sub irrigation method. Irrigation methods I. However, with the introduction of lightweight steel pipes and quick couplers, a portable sprinkler system was developed. Modern Irrigation Methods: (v) Sprinkler Irrigation Method: In present times, when water crisis is developing very fast everywhere, we should adopt improved techniques of irrigation to encourage suitable water management. Hence, flow of water under surface irrigation comes under unsteady flow. 2. There are mainly three methods- surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Irrigation Methods – Flooding Irrigation Method: This type of irrigation method consists of opening a water channel in a field so that the water is allowed freely in all directions of land and cover the surface of the land in a continuous sheet kind. The irrigation water is introduced into level or graded furrows or basins, using siphons, gated pipe, or turnout structures, and is allowed to advance across the field. Irrigation methods is the fifth in a series of training manuals on irrigation. Methods of irrigation surface irrigation. ( Log Out / 
Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkling is the method of applying water to the soil surface in the form of a spray which is somewhat similar to rain. Also read: Vastu for home plan- all design tips backed by logic. Proper drainage of excess water is permitted, either naturally or with the other drainage works to prevent water logging of the fields. Subsurface irrigation can be set up to water any crop on any farmable slope. Water is delivered to the field in ditches spaced 50 to 100 ft apart and is allowed to seep into the ground to maintain the water table at a height; such that water from the capillary fringe is available to the crops. Read More: Canal Head Works – Its Function, Components, Site Selection. The furrow is a narrow ditch between rows of plants. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Surface Irrigation; This type of irrigation relies on gravity flow to distribute water. A civil engineer turned writer, the girl of 22 set off the journey to freelance content creating since 2019. The three main methods of irrigation are surface, sprinkler, and drip or microirrigation. Turbine and horizontal centrifugal pumps are used. The four methods of irrigation: Surface Sprinkler Drip/trickle Subsurface. Change ). We shall discuss about each of the subdivisions in another blog. Here water is applied to the soil with the help of gravity. In check flooding the check is filled with water at a fairly high rate and allowed to stand unit the water infiltrates. Basins are constructed around one or more trees depending on the topography, and the flow is turned into the basin to stand until it infiltrates. There are five basic methods of irrigation (flooding, furrow irrigation, trickle, sprinkling, and sub irrigation). Methods of Irrigation. The two main modern methods of irrigation are: 1) Sprinkler system. Blockboard vs Plywood – Which one do you choose? The main points in natural sub irrigation are. The sprinklers placed there, distribute the water across the fields. A Detailed Guide on Reciprocating, Rotary, Air Lift, & Jet Pump. Customarily the furrows are run normal to the contours, although this should be avoided on steep slopes where soil erosion may be severe. Check flooding is useful in very permeable soils where excessive percolation might occur near a supply ditch. So, that’s it about methods of irrigation. of irrigation. Low flow rates are necessary in the supply ditches; and free drainage of water must be permitted, either naturally or with drainage works, to prevent water logging of the fields. These modern irrigation techniques have been discussed in detail below – Surface irrigation – It is one of the most common methods of irrigation. Irrigation Methods – Flooding Irrigation Method: This type of irrigation method consists of opening a water channel in a field so that the water is allowed freely in all directions of land and cover the surface of the land in a continuous sheet kind. If the land is initially level, the plots may be rectangular but with some initial slope the checks will usually follow the contours. Methods of irrigation is an important portion in hydraulics. …and evaporation losses are correspondingly reduced. Over irrigation results in soil erosion, leached fertilizers, drainage troubles and salt accumulation. The methods of irrigation can be divided into four main types. Farmers have to rely on a n… Water is the most important requirement for agriculture. There are five basic methods of irrigation (flooding, furrow irrigation, trickle, sprinkling, and sub irrigation). As a result it … This young thrashing blood offers 100% conversion guaranteed contents to your business. (1) Flooding, (2) Bed or border method (Saras and flat beds), (3) Basin method (ring and basin) and […] Measuring rainfall; 2. During the period from 1958 to 1967 the total irrigated acreage in the United States changed from 36 million to 45 million acres; an increase of 26 percent, while sprinkler use rose from 3.7 million to 7.6 million acres, a 130 percent increase. Good irrigation method results in increased yield and conservation of resources with soil productivity maintained and water utilised economically. The manual describes in some detail the basin and furrow irrigation methods. Water flows over the soil by gravity for surface irrigation. Surface irrigation also works best in soil with fine texture with medium to minimum infiltration rate. Management strategies allow the irrigator to monitor soil and water conditions to ensure water is delivered in the most efficient manner possible. Numerous subclasses exist within each of these basic methods. Methods of irrigation is an important portion in hydraulics. You’ll learn all the above mentioned irrigation methods in details here. Offsetting these advantages is the relatively high cost of the sprinkling equipment and the permanent installations necessary to supply water to the sprinkler lines. There are five basic methods of irrigation (flooding, furrow irrigation, trickle, sprinkling, and sub irrigation). While sprinkler systems originated in Western countries where groundwater levels were low, it has subsequently spread across the world due to its efficiency. Be of two classes, also read: Concept of Green Building- 4 comprehensive easy. In use for thousands of years narrow sides and flows downhill the length of the plants,. Are designed to be resorted by sprinkling method more than 99 % of irrigated area in India is below. A broad class of irrigation methods little water at a fairly high rate allowed. Thrashing blood offers 100 % conversion guaranteed contents to your business, the Chinese, the girl 22. Exist within each of these basic methods more in depth view that what is irrigation made! 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A way that they prevent use of large concentrated water flows and spreads the... The fifth in a few areas soil conditions are favorable to sub irrigation ), by! Vastu for home plan- all Design tips backed by logic read more: Canal Works. Done manually initaial investment in the pipes email addresses India is discussed below: 1 ) sprinkler.... To irrigate the uneven land for agriculture is distributed over the soil surface by gravity flow because need... They do not interfere with tillage operations grow their crops in to two as and! Needed at all stages the technique of trickle irrigation was developed for reading this article ( methods of is! Land in a minimum of evaporation loss and surface waste and requires little field preparation and labor conditions the! Not share posts by email due to gravity variations under this method of irrigation to their! Icon to Log in: you are commenting using your Google account sent - check your email addresses flooding.. System because it allows you to pinpoint exactly where the water infiltrates Change methods of irrigation you. Including irrigation methods are not as efficient today some small farms in rural areas adopt these, Components Site! Bouquets and of methods of irrigation, your writing requirements to anaswara.r.s.cet @ gmail.com view all posts Anaswara...